Relationships between the Oxygen Isotopes in East Asian Stalagmites and Large-Scale Atmospheric and Oceanic Modes
JING Yuan-Yuan1,2, LI Shuanglin1,*, WAN Jiang-Hua1, LUO Fei-Fei1
Figure 2 Lead-lag correlations between 4CAVE and reconstructed atmospheric-oceanic mode indices in the period 1860-2006 AD. The positive part of the horizontal axis represents 4CAVE leading the atmospheric-oceanic modes, and the dashed lines denote the 90% confidence levels for the time series using the effective number of degrees of freedom: a AMO; b PDO; c NAO.